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Georges Lema. Г®tre - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Georges Henri Joseph Г‰douard Lema. Г®tre (French: [К’Й”КЃК’Й™ l. Й™m. Й›t. КЃ] (listen); 1.
July 1. 89. 4 – 2. June 1. 96. 6) was a Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven.[1] He proposed the theory of the expansion of the universe, widely misattributed to Edwin Hubble.[2][3] He was the first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law and made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant, which he published in 1. Hubble's article.[4][5][6][7] Lema. ître also proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe, which he called his "hypothesis of the primeval atom" or the "Cosmic Egg".[8]Early life[edit]. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe emerged from an extremely dense and hot state (singularity).
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Space itself has been expanding ever since, carrying galaxies with it, like raisins in a rising loaf of bread. The graphic scheme above is an artist's conception illustrating the expansion of a portion of a flat universe.
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- Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (French: [ʒɔʁʒə ləmɛtʁ]; 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven. [1] He proposed the.
After a classical education at a Jesuit secondary school (Coll. ГЁge du Sacr. Г©- Coeur, Charleroi), Lema. Г®tre began studying civil engineering at the Catholic University of Leuven at the age of 1.
In 1. 91. 4, he interrupted his studies to serve as an artillery officer in the Belgian army for the duration of World War I. At the end of hostilities, he received the Belgian War Cross with palms. After the war, he studied physics and mathematics, and began to prepare for the diocesanpriesthood, not for the Jesuits.[9] He obtained his doctorate in 1. Approximation des fonctions de plusieurs variables r. Г©elles (Approximation of functions of several real variables), written under the direction of Charles de la Vall. Г©e- Poussin. He was ordained a priest in 1.
In 1. 92. 3, he became a graduate student in astronomy at the University of Cambridge, spending a year at St Edmund's House (now St Edmund's College, Cambridge). He worked with Arthur Eddington who initiated him into modern cosmology, stellar astronomy, and numerical analysis.
He spent the following year at Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Harlow Shapley, who had just gained a name for his work on nebulae, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he registered for the doctorate in sciences. In 1. 92. 5, on his return to Belgium, he became a part- time lecturer at the Catholic University of Leuven. He then began the report which would bring him international fame, published in 1. Annales de la Soci. Г©t. Г© Scientifique de Bruxelles (Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels), under the title "Un Univers homog.
ГЁne de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des n. Г©buleuses extragalactiques" ("A homogeneous Universe of constant mass and growing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extragalactic nebulae").[1. In this report, he presented his new idea of an expanding universe (he also derived Hubble's law and provided the first observational estimation of the Hubble constant[1.
Instead, the initial state was taken as Einstein's own finite- size static universe model. The paper had little impact because the journal in which it was published was not widely read by astronomers outside Belgium ; Lema. Г®tre translated his article into English in 1.
Arthur Eddington but the part of it pertaining to the estimation of the "Hubble constant" is not translated in the 1. At this time, Einstein, while not taking exception to the mathematics of Lema. Г®tre's theory, refused to accept the idea of an expanding universe; Lema.
Г®tre recalled him commenting "Vos calculs sont corrects, mais votre physique est abominable"[1. Your calculations are correct, but your physics is atrocious.") The same year, Lema.
Г®tre returned to MIT to present his doctoral thesis on The gravitational field in a fluid sphere of uniform invariant density according to the theory of relativity. Upon obtaining the Ph. D, he was named ordinary professor at the Catholic University of Leuven. In 1. 93. 0, Eddington published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society a long commentary on Lema.
Г®tre's 1. 92. 7 article, in which he described the latter as a "brilliant solution" to the outstanding problems of cosmology.[1. The original paper was published in an abbreviated English translation in 1.
Lema. Г®tre responding to Eddington's comments.[1. Lema. Г®tre was then invited to London in order to take part in a meeting of the British Association on the relation between the physical universe and spirituality. There he proposed that the universe expanded from an initial point, which he called the "Primeval Atom" and developed in a report published in Nature.[1. Lema. Г®tre himself also described his theory as "the Cosmic Egg exploding at the moment of the creation"; it became better known as the "Big Bang theory," a pejorative term coined during a BBC radio broadcast by Fred Hoyle who was an obstinate proponent of the steady state universe, even until his death in 2. This proposal met with skepticism from his fellow scientists at the time. Eddington found Lema.
Г®tre's notion unpleasant. Einstein found it suspect because he deemed it unjustifiable from a physical point of view. On the other hand, Einstein encouraged Lema. Г®tre to look into the possibility of models of non- isotropic expansion, so it is clear he was not altogether dismissive of the concept. He also appreciated Lema.
ître's argument that a static- Einstein model of the universe could not be sustained infinitely into the past. In January 1. 93. Lema. ître and Einstein, who had met on several occasions—in 1. Brussels, at the time of a Solvay Conference, in 1. Belgium, at the time of a cycle of conferences in Brussels and lastly in 1. Princeton—traveled together to the U. S. state of California for a series of seminars.
After the Belgian detailed his theory, Einstein stood up, applauded, and is supposed to have said, "This is the most beautiful and satisfactory explanation of creation to which I have ever listened."[1. However, there is disagreement over the reporting of this quote in the newspapers of the time, and it may be that Einstein was not actually referring to the theory as a whole but to Lema. Г®tre's proposal that cosmic rays may in fact be the leftover artifacts of the initial "explosion".
Later research on cosmic rays by Robert Millikan would undercut this proposal, however. In 1. 93. 3, when he resumed his theory of the expanding universe and published a more detailed version in the Annals of the Scientific Society of Brussels, Lema. Г®tre would achieve his greatest glory.
Newspapers around the world called him a famous Belgian scientist and described him as the leader of the new cosmological physics. In 1. 93. 6, he was elected member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. He took an active role there, becoming its president in March 1. During Vatican II he was asked to serve on the first special commission to examine the question of contraception. However, as he could not travel to Rome because of his health (he had suffered a heart attack in December 1. Lema. Г®tre demurred, expressing his surprise that he was even chosen, at the time telling a Dominican colleague, P. Henri de Riedmatten, that he thought it was dangerous for a mathematician to venture outside of his speciality.[1.
He was also named prelate (Monsignor) in 1. Pope John XXIII. In 1.
Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Belgium.[citation needed]In 1. L'Hypoth. ГЁse de l'Atome Primitif (The Primeval Atom Hypothesis). It would be translated into Spanish in the same year and into English in 1.
By 1. 95. 1, Pope Pius XII declared that Lema. Г®tre's theory provided a scientific validation for Catholicism. However, Lema. Г®tre resented the Pope's proclamation, stating that the theory was neutral and there was neither a connection nor a contradiction between his religion and his theory.[1. When Lema. Г®tre and Daniel O'Connell, the Pope's science advisor, tried to persuade the Pope not to mention Creationism publicly anymore, the Pope agreed. He persuaded the Pope to stop making proclamations about cosmology.[2. While a devout Roman Catholic, he was against mixing science with religion,[2. During the 1. 95.
Г©m. Г©ritat in 1. At the end of his life, he was devoted more and more to numerical calculation. He was in fact a remarkable algebraicist and arithmetical calculator.
Since 1. 93. 0, he used the most powerful calculating machines of the time, the Mercedes. In 1. 95. 8 he was introduced to the University's Burroughs E 1.
Lema. Г®tre maintained a strong interest in the development of computers and, even more, in the problems of language and computer programming. He died on 2. 0 June 1.
In 2. 00. 5, Lema. Г®tre was voted to the 6. De Grootste Belg ("The Greatest Belgian"), a Flemish television program on the VRT. In the same year he was voted to the 7. Les plus grands Belges ("The Greatest Belgians"), a television show of the RTBF.
Lema. Г®tre was a pioneer in applying Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity to cosmology. In a 1. 92. 7 article, which preceded Edwin Hubble's landmark article by two years, Lema. Г®tre derived what became known as Hubble's law and proposed it as a generic phenomenon in relativistic cosmology. Lema. Г®tre also estimated the numerical value of the Hubble constant.
However, the data used by Lema. Г®tre did not allow him to prove that there was an actual linear relation, which Hubble did two years later. Einstein was skeptical of this paper. When Lema. Г®tre approached Einstein at the 1.
Solvay Conference, the latter pointed out that Alexander Friedmann had proposed a similar solution to Einstein's equations in 1. Einstein had also criticized Friedmann's calculations, but withdrew his comments.) In 1.